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North American Electric Reliability Corporation Critical Infrastructure Protection.

It is a set of mandatory cybersecurity standards designed to protect the Bulk Electric System (BES) — the large-scale electric grid in North America (United States, Canada, and parts of Mexico) — from cyber threats.

Modules include:

  • CIP-002: BES Cyber System Categorization
  • CIP-003: Security Management Controls
  • CIP-004: Personnel & Training
  • CIP-005: Electronic Security Perimeter(s)
  • CIP-006: Physical Security
  • CIP-007: Systems Security Management
  • CIP-008: Incident Reporting and Response Planning
  • CIP-009: Recovery Plans
  • CIP-010: Configuration Change Management and Vulnerability Assessments
  • CIP-011: Information Protection
  • CIP-013: Supply Chain Risk Management
  • CIP-014: Physical Security (against physical attacks)

    About this standard

    • Who creates and enforces it? NERC (a not-for-profit regulatory authority) develops the standards. In the U.S., the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approves them and enforces compliance through fines.

    • Who must comply? Entities that own or operate parts of the Bulk Electric System, including:

      • Utilities (investor-owned, municipal, co-ops)
      • Independent power producers
      • Transmission owners/operators
      • Some large generators (typically >75 MW aggregated in the U.S.)

      These entities are classified by risk level:

      • High Impact: Control centers that can affect >1,500 MW, nuclear plants, major transmission substations, etc.
      • Medium Impact: Most generation and transmission assets above certain thresholds.
      • Low Impact: Smaller distribution-only assets (still have some requirements, but lighter).

    FAQ

    Any entity registered with NERC as a Balancing Authority, Reliability Coordinator, Transmission Owner/Operator, Generator Owner/Operator, or Distribution Provider that owns or operates BES (Bulk Electric System) assets in the U.S., Canada, or parts of Mexico.

    • High Impact: Control centers affecting ≥1,500 MW, nuclear plants, and major transmission interconnections.
    • Medium Impact: Most generation ≥1,500 MW aggregate, transmission 200–500 kV, certain control centers.
    • Low Impact: Everything else (e.g., most distribution substations) — lighter requirements under CIP-003-8 Section 4.

    At least once every 15 calendar months (annual review is common practice).

    Up to $1 million per violation per day in the U.S. (FERC maximum). Real-world penalties range from $50,000 to over $10 million, depending on severity and self-reporting.

    Partially. Generation and certain transmission assets at nuclear plants fall under NERC CIP. However, nuclear safety-related systems are regulated by the NRC (10 CFR 73.54) instead—not NERC CIP.

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